bel assignment..

Table of Contents
(Preparation Outline)

In-class activities 2
1.0 Introduction 3
1.1Title 4
1.2 Reason for choosing the title
1.3 General purpose
1.4 Specific purpose
1.5 Central ideas/ main ideas
1.5.1 Definition
1.5.2 Types
1.5.3 Symptoms
1.5.4 Ways to Overcome
2.0 Body 5
2.1 Definition 5-6
2.2 Types 7-8
2.3 Symptoms 9-11
2.4 Ways to Overcome 12-22
3.0 Conclusion 23
References 24
Appendices 25-26








In-class activities
Weeks
Dates
Activities
1
6/7-12/7/2009
Lecture start
2
13/7-19/7/2009
Lecture
3
20/7-26/7/2009
Lecture
4
27/7-2/8/2009
Semester break
5
3/8-9/8/2009
Lecture
6
10/8-16/8/2009
Lecture
7
17/8-23/8/2009
Awal Ramadhan
8
24/8-30/8/2009
Presentation 1
9
31/8-6/9/2009
Merdeka day
Presentation 1
10
7/9-13/9/2009
Lecture
11
14/9-16/9/2009
Lecture
12
17/9-27/9/2009
Hari Raya Aidilfitri & Semester Break
13
28/9-4/10/2009
Lecture
14
5/10-11/10/2009
Presentation 2
15
12/10-18/10/2009
Presentation 2
16
19/10-25/10/2009
Presentation 2
17
26/10-15/11/2009
Final examination
18
16/11-27/12/2009
Semester holiday



1.0 Introduction

As we all know malaria occurs due to the bitten of the female anopheles mosquitoes and it can cause fatal to the victim. http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/travel , state that malaria is a serious disease, which in the worst case may be fatal. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. From a global viewpoint, malaria constitutes an enormous health problem.
In recent years about 1,500 people return to Britain with malaria, which they have contracted abroad, and of these, an average of 12 die. Many of those infected did not take malrai prophylaxis and many are people visiting friends and relatives in their countries of origin. Most of the cases (70 per cent) are falciparum and most of these are acquired in West Africa.
Moreover, according to http://news.bbc.co.uk/. How do we stop malaria? Thursday, 27 April 2006, 10:52 GMT 11:52 UK, state that malaria is one of the world's most deadly diseases. It kills three times more children in Africa than HIV and Aids.
Thus, April 25, 2008, marks the first World Malaria Day. Malaria is a preventable disease that causes more than 1 million deaths in infants and children under age 5 in sub-Saharan Africa – one approximately every 30 seconds. This year's theme, "Disease Without Borders," highlights malaria as a global emergency that knows no borders.















1.1 Title: The Fundamental Knowledge of Malaria

1.2 Reason for choosing

There are several reasons that lead me to choose this title. The reasons are as follow:

1.2.1 According to http://www.novartis.com.my (2009):-
“Malaria is one of the world’s most dangerous diseases and infects between 300 million to 650 million people each year.”

1.2.2 According to Clinical Medicine a Textbook for Medical Students and Doctors (2nd Edition, 1990):-
“Malaria affects more than 100 million people each year and has a mortality rate of 1%. Endemic[1] and epidemic[2] of malaria are found in all countries between the 30° south and 40° north lines of latitude. Moreover, it also can be transmitted by blood transfusion and by importation of infected mosquitoes by air, so-called airport malaria.”

1.3 General purpose

1.3.1 To inform

1.4 Specific purpose

1.4.1 To inform my audience the definitions, types and symptoms of the malaria since it is among the dangerous disease.

1.4.2 To inform my audience about the ways that can be taken to overcome malaria from spreading and becoming worse.

1.5 Central purpose/ main ideas

1.5.1 Definition
1.5.2 Types
1.5.3 Symptom
1.5.4 Ways to Overcome



2.0 Body

2.1 Definition of Malaria

2.1.1 According to Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, International Student’s Edition, 7th Edition (© Oxford University Press 2005) defines:-
“Malaria is a disease that causes fever and shivering caused by the bite of some types of mosquito.”

2.1.2 According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (© Pearson Education Limited, 1978, 2003) defines:-
“Malaria as a disease that is common in hot countries that you get when a type of mosquito bites you.”

2.1.3 According to Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (© Macmillan Publisher Limited 2002) defines:-
“Malaria is a serious illness caused by being bitten by a mosquito, usually in a hot country.”

2.1.4 According to www.AnyTestKits.com (2009), defines:-
“Malaria is a preventable infection that has the capability of affecting anybody at any age. The infected female anopheles mosquito transmits malaria, when it settles on a person to take a blood meal.”

2.1.5 According to www.MedicineNet.com (©1996-2009 MedicineNet, Inc. All rights reserved) defines:-
“Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites from the Plasmodium[3] family that can be transmitted by the sting of the Anopheles mosquito or by a contaminated needle or transfusion. Falciparum malaria is the most deadly type.”

2.1.6 According to www.netdoctor.co.uk (copyright 1998-2009) defines:-
“Malaria is a potentially fatal tropical disease that is caused by a parasite known as Plasmodium. It is spread through the bite of an infected female mosquito.”

2.1.7 According to http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/ (2009) defines:-
“Malaria, described as a disease of poverty and underdevelopment, is caused by a protozoan parasite infecting mainly red blood cells (erythrocytes).”

2.1.8 According to www.mdconsult.com/about (Copyright © Nidus Information Services 2009) defines:-
“Malaria is a parasitic disease that involves high fevers, shaking chills, flu-like symptoms, and anemia.”

2.1.9 According to www.listmanagement.com.au/ems/archives.php?n=...(Edition 19, 2008) defines:-
“Malaria is contracted or caught when an infected mosquito bites a person. The parasite is transmitted from the salivary gland to the person’s blood. Here it multiplies, infecting red blood cells and rupturing them.”

2.1.10 According to http://www.novartis.com.my/ (2009) defines:-
“Malaria is one of the world’s most dangerous diseases, it infects between 300 million to 650 million people each year. Plasmodium falciparum, the most serious form of the disease, kills more than 1 million people per year worldwide. Illness and death from malaria are largely preventable.”

2.1.11 According to www.patienthealthinternational.com/malaria/ (2009) defines:-
“Malaria (marsh fever, periodic fever) is a parasitic disease that involves infection of the red blood cells (RBCs).”

2.1.12 According to www.familydoctor.org (Copyright © 2000-2009) defines: -
“Malaria is an infection of a part of the blood calls the red blood cells. It is spread by mosquitoes that carry a parasite that causes malaria. If this mosquito bites you, the parasite can get into your blood. The parasite lays eggs, which develop into more parasites, and they feed on your blood cells until you get very sick. If left untreated, malaria can be fatal.”

2.1.13 According to Clinical Medicine a Textbook for Medical Students and Doctors (2nd Edition, 1990) defines:-
“Malaria is primarily a disease of hot, humid countries at altitude less than 2200 metres above mean sea level, where conditions are ideal for prolific breeding of the mosquito vector, Anopheles.”










2.2 Types of Malaria
2.2.1 According to www.listmanagement.com.au/ems/archives.php?n=...(Edition 19, 2008):-
There are 4 types of Malaria:
· Plasmodium Vivax ... the most common.
· Plasmodium Falciparium ... the deadliest. (Cerebral malaria)
· Plasmodium Malariae.
· Plasmodium Ovale.

2.2.2 According to http://www.caracois.org/destination.php? (2009):-
There are 4 types of malaria:
· Plasmodium Falciparum[4]
· Plasmodium Ovale[5]
· Plasmodium Vivax
· Plasmodium Malaria

2.2.3 According to www.patienthealthinternational.com/malaria/ (2009):-
There are 4 types of malaria:
· Plasmodium Falciparum (most serious which can be life-threatening)
·
Generally, a little less serious and are not immediately life-threatening.
Plasmodium Ovale
· Plasmodium Vivax
· Plasmodium Malaria











2.2.4 According to Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (10th Edition, July 2003):-
There are 4 types of malaria:
· Plasmodium Vivax[6]
· Plasmodium Malariae[7]
· Plasmodium Falciparum
· Plasmodium Ovale

2.2.5 According to Clinical Medicine a Textbook for Medical Students and Doctors (2nd Edition, 1990):-
There are 4 types of malaria:
· Plasmodium Falciparum (causes malignant tertian malaria)
· Plasmodium Malariae (causes quartan malaria)
·
Cause tertian malariaPlasmodium Vivax
· Plasmodium Ovale

2.2.6 According to http://www.anytestkits.com (2009):-
There are 4 types of malaria that infect humans:
· Plasmodium vivax[8], abbreviated as P.v
· Plasmodium malariae, abbreviated as P.m
· Plasmodium ovale, abbreviated as P.o
· Plasmodium falciparum, abbreviated as P.f

2.2.7 According to www.medicinenet.com (©1996-2009 MedicineNet, Inc. All rights reserved):-
The main types of plasmodium are:
· Plasmodium falciparum, the species which causes falciparum malaria, the most dangerous type of malaria.
· Plasmodium malariae, the species which causes quartan malaria.
· Plasmodium ovale, a species found primarily in East and Central Africa that causes ovale malaria.
· Plasmodium vivax, the species causing vivax malaria which is milder than falciparum malaria.
2.3 Symptoms of Malaria

There are several symptoms of malaria. Below are among the symptoms that can be found:-2.3.1 According to http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/eyes/index (copyright 1998-2009)
Following are among the most common symptoms:-
· Fever
· Chills
· Headache
· Muscle[9] ache
· Malaise
· Nausea
· Sometimes vomiting, diarrhea[10], and coughing
2.3.2 According to www.familydoctor.org (Copyright © 2000-2009)
The symptoms of malaria include:
High fever (can often be 104 degrees F and higher)
Chills
Shaking
Extreme sweating
Fatigue
Discomfort (called malaise) and body aches
Headache
Nausea
Vomiting


2.3.3 According to http://www.novartis.com.my (2009)
Among the symptoms include:
Fever
Chills
Flu-like illness
2.3.4 According to www.MedicineNet.com (23rd august 2009)
There are few symptoms that can be found, include:-
· Flu-like illness
· Fever
· Chills[11]
· Muscle aches
· Headache
· Nausea
· Vomiting
· Diarrhea
· Coughing
· Yellowing of the skin
· Whites of the eyes due to destruction of red blood cells and liver cells

2.3.5 according to www.simpleenglishwikipedia (15 September 2009)
Symptoms of malaria are:
Arthralgia[12]
Fever ( the most common symptom)
Headache[13] (pain in head)
Vomiting
Feeling very tired or sleepy
Anemia (low red blood cell levels in the blood)
Jaundice[14]
Cough
Enlargement[15] of liver or spleen
Sweating
Chills
Delirium[16]
Coma[17] (when people are not conscious. They look like they are asleep, but they cannot be woken. )
Fast heart rate
Low blood pressure









2.4 Ways to Overcome Malaria
Below are several ways that we can use to overcome from malaria:-
2.4.1 According to http://www.anytestkits.com (2009):-
There are various ways can be followed to reduce the risk of being bitten by the mosquitoes:
I. Wearing protective clothing.
Wearing clothes that can cover your skin from being bitten by malaria mosquito such as wear thin, light colored, light-weight clothes and thick socks when going to malaria-risk area.
II. Using proprietary insect repellent.
Apply an insect repellent to exposed skin which contains the ingredient di-ethyl toluamide (DEET). Various types of DEET containing insect repellents are available and ones containing concentrations of up to 50% DEET are effective and the results last for about four hours.
III. Sleeping under a mosquito net.
Keep mosquito away and must be hung correctly to be more effective. Some nets that you can purchase is already treated with an insecticide, or a proprietary insecticide can be bought and applied separately.
IV. Fixing your house/ room to be mosquito “un-friendly”.
Planning your bedroom and other part of the house to be mosquito un-friendly is an excellent way to protect yourself against malaria plasmodium infection.
V. Mesh screens
A room fitted with mosquito mesh screens on the windows and doors are very successful in keeping mosquitoes at bay when the doors and windows are kept open for fresh air.

VI. Air conditioning
Alternatively, using an air-conditioner will also provide cool air while keeping the room mosquito-free.

VII. Insecticide
Using an insecticide in the room is also successful and a variety is available – from aerosol sprays to slow burning coils as well as electrically heated insecticide releasing pads.
2.4.2 According to www.listmanagement.com.au/ems/archives.php?n=...(Edition 19, 2008):-
There are several ways to overcome from malaria mosquito:
Prevent bites.
Mosquitoes bite predominantly between dusk to dawn. Wear long protective clothing, soak these in pyrethrium. Use DEET containing repellent on the skin. Use sleeping nets where possible. Ensure, if screened, that this is adequate for protection. Spray room prior to sleeping with insecticide.
Medication.
Medication can never 100% prevent you contracting Malaria. Many areas also have drug resistant malaria. Seek good advice as to which medication is best for the area and length of stay and be aware of side affect profile. Take medication for prescribed length of time after leaving Malaria Zone.
2.4.3 According to MedicineNet.com (august 23, 2009)
There are several ways can be taken to avoid malaria:
i Avoid exposure to mosquitoes during the early morning and early evening hours between the hours of dusk and dawn (the hours of greatest mosquito activity).
ii Wear appropriate clothing (long-sleeved shirts and long pants, for examples) especially when you are outdoors.
iii Apply insect repellent to the exposed skin. The CDC[18] recommended insect repellent should contains up to 50% DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide), which is the most effective mosquito repellent for adults and children over 2 months of age.
iv Spray mosquito repellents on clothing to prevent mosquitoes from biting through thin clothing.
v Use a permethrin-coated (or similar repellant) mosquito net over your all beds.
vi Have screens over cover windows and doors.
vii Spray permethrin or a similar insecticide in the bedroom before going to bed.
viii If you must go to areas where malaria occurs, take the prescribed preventive medicine.
2.4.4 According to www.familydoctor.org (copyright 2000-2009)
Among the ways that we can do to keep from getting mosquito bites are as follow:
i If you can, sleep in a room with screens on the windows and doors. Use a mosquito net over your bed.
ii If possible, spray the net with permethrin[19] (one brand name: Elimite).
iii During the evening, wear light-colored pants and shirts with long sleeves.
iv It's important to protect yourself with a bug repellent spray that contains no more than 35% of a chemical called DEET.
v Avoid going outdoors without protection in the evening, when mosquitoes are typically more active.
vi Medicine is also available to help prevent malaria.

2.4.5 According to Clinical Medicine a Textbook for Medical Students and Doctors (2nd Edition, 1990)
There are several ways that being suggested to the community to prevent from malaria:-
· Prevention of man-vector contact
· Destruction of adult mosquitoes and mosquitoes larvae
· Active elimination of human infection by presumptive treatment (i.e. treatment of all fever in endemic areas with antimalarials)
· Radical treatment

Several ways that being suggested to individual to prevent from malaria:-
· Use of mosquitoes repellent
· Chemoprophylaxis[20]
· Chemotheraphy[21] where indicated
2.4.6 According to http://ezinearticles.com/ entitle Medication to Prevent Malaria by Michael Kirsch, M.D. (copyright 2009)
There are few ways to prevent from malaria:-
Repelling Mosquitoes
Use insect repellent containing 30-50% DEET on all exposed skin except eyes, lips and open wounds. Wash off with soap when you return indoors.
• Apply sunscreen before applying insect repellent.
• Pre-treat clothes, tents, netting and shoes with permethrin, which repels mosquitoes.
• Read the product labels of repellent products carefully for proper use.
• Minimize exposed skin when hiking. Wear long pants tucked into socks and long sleeve shirts tucked in.
• Avoid perfumes and scented products which serve as mosquito magnets.
• Choose accommodations with screens in all windows.
• Use permethrin pre-treated mosquito bed netting with an elastic edge for a tight fit while sleeping.
• Try to remain indoors between dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active.
Preventive Medicines
There are several medications available to prevent malaria. Some of these medicines work better in certain destinations, depending upon local malaria resistance patterns. Each of them has unique advantages and side-effects. Children and pregnant travelers require special considerations.
Preventive medicines are taken before, during and after the trip. It is extremely important to take these medications as prescribed.
Chloroquine
Used only for travel to areas where there is no chloroquine-resistant malaria.
Take once weekly.
Take with food for better tolerability.
Begin taking 1-2 weeks before travel to malaria-risk area.
Continue taking weekly while traveling in malaria-risk area and for 4 weeks after leaving the area.
Headache, dizziness, blurred vision, insomnia and itching are the most frequent side effects.
Atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone)
Take daily.
Take at the same time every day.
Begin taking 1-2 days before travel to malaria-risk area.
Continue taking daily while in malaria-risk area and for 7 days after leaving the region.
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and headache are the most frequent side effects.
Mefloquin (Lariam)
Used only for travel to areas where there is no mefloquine-resistant malaria.
Take once weekly.
Continue taking weekly while in malaria-risk area and for 4 weeks after leaving the region.
Rarely associated with serious adverse reactions (e.g. psychosis or seizures) at prophylactic doses.
Upset stomach, headache, insomnia, abnormal dreams, depression, anxiety and dizziness are the most frequent side effects.
Doxycycline
Take daily.
Take with food for better tolerability.
Do not take before going to bed.
Take at the same time every day.
Begin taking 1-2 days before travel to malaria-risk area.
Continue taking daily while in malaria-risk area and for 4 weeks after leaving the area.
Can cause photosensitivity[22]. Decrease the risk by avoiding sun exposure and using sunscreens.
Can cause vaginal yeast infection.
Before you travel, see your travel medicine provider
Review your specific itinerary and determine your risk of malaria exposure.
Review your personal medical history and medications.
Discuss anti-malarial medication options.
Prepare an alternate plan in the event that you develop significant side effects to medication while abroad.
Discuss treatment options if you develop malaria while abroad.
2.4.7 according to http://www.simpleenglishwikipedia (15 September 2009)
The best way to treat malaria is to not get it!
There are three ways to prevent malaria:
i Control mosquitoes
Vector control is one way to stop malaria. Vector means an organism that carries an infectious disease to another organism. For malaria, the vector is the anopheles mosquito. It carries Plasmodium to people.
There are many ways to conduct a good vector control. The best ways are different in different places. This depends on the environment. It also depends on how much malaria is in the place. So the best way to do vector control in the United States is different than the best way to do vector control in South Africa.
The most used method of vector control is pesticides. These are chemicals that kill the mosquito. The first pesticide used for vector control was DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.) DDT was first used in World War II.
DDT worked very well for vector control. It killed mosquitoes. It did not make people very sick at the time it was used. It did not cost very much money. Other chemicals for vector control had not been invented yet.
Scientists also worried that DDT was making people and animals sick. Scientists think it might cause hormones to not work right. It might also make people and animals have trouble reproducing (getting pregnant and making babies.) It killed a lot of wildlife too.
They learned that DDT stays in the environment for a long time. They learned also that DDT used in one place may go all over the world. DDT used in Africa may go to Europe. So people are worried that DDT used today will stay in the world for a long time. This is why DDT is not allowed to be used in farming anymore.
For these reasons, people mostly use other chemicals for vector control. Organophosphate or carbamate pesticides are used, like malathion or bendiocarb. These cost more money than DDT. And there are ways to control malaria that do not use chemicals at all.
Vector control is not the only way to stop malaria. And DDT is not the only chemical that can be used for vector control. The best way to stop malaria is to use a combination of methods. In some places, DDT may be a useful part of a program to stop malaria. This is why DDT is still allowed to be used for controlling malaria.
ii Keep mosquitoes from biting
The mosquito that carries malaria comes more at dawn (when the sun comes up) and dusk (when the sun goes down). Be most careful at these times.
Wear long pants and shirts with long sleeves.
Wear mosquitoes repellent (this is a chemical that mosquitoes do not like, so they do not bite.) Mosquitoes will bite through thin cloth. So repellent should be used on skin and clothes.
Pesticides can be used in rooms to kill mosquitoes.
When sleeping outside, people use a mosquito net. This is made from cloth that air can go through but keeps mosquitoes out. It is put over a bed where people sleep to keep mosquitoes out. Sometimes people also use it when they are not sleeping. It is best to use mosquito nets that have been treated with Permethrin, which repels and kills mosquitoes.
iii Take medicine to keep from getting sick after a bite, especially in those parts of the world where people get malaria.
People can take medicine when they are in a place where there is malaria. This medicine makes them get malaria less. This is called prophylaxis.
Some people take prophylactic medicines for years. Many people in areas where there is malaria do not have the money to buy this medicine.
People who live where there is no malaria usually have not had malaria. The first case malaria is usually much worse. So people from places where there is no malaria may take prophylactic medicines when they go to places where there is malaria.
The kind of prophylactic medicines people take depends on where they are. This is because not all medicines work on the malaria in every place. Some Plasmodium are resistant. Even if the right medicine is used, it does not always work. Sometimes people get malaria even if they take prophylaxis. Sometimes this is because people do not take the medicine the right way. But even if it is taken right, it does not always work.
To make them work best, prophylactic medicines have to be taken the right way. The medicine should start before going to an area with malaria. Most medicines should be taken for 4 weeks after coming home. One medicine (Malarone) only needs to be used for one week after coming home.
2.4.8 According to http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/travel (Copyright 1998-2009 NetDoctor.co.uk - All rights reserved)
Prevention requires A, B, C and D:
Awareness of risk.
Bite avoidance.
Chemoprophylaxis (taking preventive medicines if you are travelling to or living in a malaria region).
Diagnosis made promptly with early treatment of an infected case.
An E can be considered for remote adventure trips. The E stands for Emergency treatment with safe drugs such as Artemesin combined with Lumefantrine.
Awareness of risk
The risk of being bitten by a mosquito and the type of malaria transmitted varies, depending on the country you are visiting and the time of year. Measures to avoid bites should always be taken, and if malaria is prevalent in an area you are travelling to, you would be wise to take preventive medicine.
Areas of greatest risk are those where there is a high prevalence of multi-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
The Health Protection Agency (HPA) Advisory Committee on Malaria Prevention in UK Travellers (ACMP) produces guidelines for UK travellers, based on the current risk of contracting malaria in particular areas of the world. There are guidelines on risk and preferable preventive regimens for each of the regions described below.
North Africa and the Middle East.
Sub-Saharan Africa.
South Asia.
South East Asia.
Oceania.
Latin America and the Caribbean.
For specific guidelines about the risks and recommendations for each individual country, check the guidelines, talk to your pharmacist, doctor or travel health clinic.
For optimal prevention of malaria, protection from mosquito bites is essential, even if you are taking preventive medicines.
Avoid mosquito bites
Mosquitoes bite particularly at twilight and at night, so you should take most precautions during this time.
Sleep in rooms that are properly screened with gauze over the windows and doors. There should be no holes in the gauze and no unscreened entry points to the room. Air-conditioned rooms are good, too.
Spray the room with an insecticide before entering to kill any mosquitoes that have got inside during the day.
Otherwise, you should use a mosquito net around your bed, impregnated with an insecticide such as pyrethrum (a harmless substance manufactured on the basis of extract of chrysanthemum) or permethrin (the artificial version of the same).
Long trousers, long-sleeved clothing and socks thick enough to stop the mosquitoes biting will also protect you, and should be worn outside after sunset. However, it may be hard to follow such advice in a hot climate. Light colours are less attractive to mosquitoes.
Use mosquito repellent cream
Mosquito repellent containing diethyl toluamide (DEET) is recommended as the most effective form of bite-preventive treatment. It has an excellent safety profile in adults, children and pregnant women and has been used in over 8 billion doses in the last 50 years.
There always will be DEET-haters and for them there are other products such as non-DEET Jungle Formual, Bayrepel or Mosiguard (made from eucalyptus oil).
It's important that the manufacturer's recommendations are not exceeded, particularly when using it on small children. Insect repellents containing over 30 to 50 per cent DEET will effectively repel mosquitoes when applied to exposed skin.
Other products are less effective, but may have some use. Lemon scent was found to protect citrus groves from mosquitoes, and refined lemon eucalyptus oil on skin also repels mosquitoes.
Insecticide-treated mosquito nets
When sleeping outdoors or in an unscreened room, have an insecticide-treated mosquito net around your bed. This significantly reduces the risk of bites.
The net should be small-meshed, with no holes, and tucked in under the bottom sheet. During the day, it should be rolled up, so mosquitoes and other insects can't get inside while it's not in use.
Take your own net with you. You can't always expect to find an impregnated net at your destination.
Impregnation lasts from six months to one year, depending on how much the net is used and whether you pack it away in a plastic bag when you return from the tropics. Just remember not to wash the net in between re-impregnation with the insecticide!
Preventive medicines
Taking medicines to prevent malaria is essential if you are visiting an area where malaria is prevalent. The problem can be choosing the most appropriate antimalarial[23] for the country you're visiting. You also need to take into account your individual circumstances.
Because resistance to chloroquine and other drugs is spreading, preventive (prophylactic) medicines that were effective five years ago may no longer be so.
The geographic spread of chloroquine resistance in the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum is increasing. It exists throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent and large portions of South America.
Apart from chloroquine and paludrine there are three main drugs on the market in the UK that are licensed for preventing malaria, and the most appropriate one(s) will depend on the country you are visiting and your individual circumstances.





















3.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, it is important for the government to work together with other nations to help raise awareness of malaria to the people around the world, celebrate the progress with them and reaffirm their commitment to fighting the disease so that can help increase the confidence of the people about the action that being taken by the government.
Thus, as well as to educate the public about the fundamental knowledge of malaria and the action that can be taken by them so that can help them from getting the malaria and reduce the infection from spreading and becoming much worse.


















References
Books
Suzanne C. Smeltzer and Brenda Bare, (July 2003), Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (10th Edition): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Parveen J. Kumar and Michael L. Clark, (1990), Clinical Medicine a Textbook for Medical Students and Doctors (2nd Edition); Great Britain; Cambus Litho Ltd.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, (© Pearson Education Limited, 1978, 2003) , Printed at Nutech Photolithographers, India.
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, International Student Edition, (© Macmillan Publisher Limited 2002), Printed and bound in Malaysia.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, International Student’s Edition, 7th Edition, (© Oxford University Press 2005) , Printed in China.
Webs
www.AnyTestKits.com (2009)
www.MedicineNet.com (©1996-2009 MedicineNet, Inc. All rights reserved)
www.netdoctor.co.uk (copyright 1998-2009)
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/ (2009)
http://fightingmalaria.gov/index
www.mdconsult.com/about (Copyright © Nidus Information Services 2009)
www.listmanagement.com.au/ems/archives.php?n=...(Edition 19, 2008)
http://www.novartis.com.my/ (2009)
www.patienthealthinternational.com/malaria/ (2009)
www.familydoctor.org (Copyright © 2000-2009)
http://www.caracois.org/destination.php? (2009)
http://www.simpleenglishwikipedia (15 September 2009)
http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/eyes/index (copyright 1998-2009)
http://ezinearticles.com/ entitle Medication to Prevent Malaria by Michael Kirsch, M.D. (copyright 2009)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/. How do we stop malaria? Thursday, 27 April 2006, 10:52 GMT 11:52 UK,

Appendices
http://fightingmalaria.gov/index
This poster, in the local language Changana, explains the symptoms of malaria and how to prevent you and your family from getting malaria. It is a part of the PMI (Presidents Malaria Initiative) net retreatment campaign. The goal of the campaign is to retreat approximately 500,000 nets, protecting up to a million people.





Plasmodium falciparum
Stages of Plasmodium falciparum as drawn from microscopic observation of thin blood smears (1971).
· Fig. 1: Normal red cell
· Figs. 2-18: Trophozoites (among these, Figs. 2-10 correspond to ring-stag trophozoites)
· Figs. 19-26: Schizonts (Fig. 26 is a ruptured schizont)
· Figs.27, 28: Mature macrogametocytes (female)
· Figs. 29, 30: Mature microgametocytes (male)


[1] Endemic is a problem that always present in particular place or among particular group of people.
[2] Epidemic is a large number of cases of a disease that happen at the same time.
[3] Plasmodium: The parasite guilty in the case of malaria (paludism). Plasmodium is a type of protozoa, a single-celled organism able to divide only within a host cell.

[4] Plasmodium falciparum is abbreviated as P.f is wide spread and found in Tropical and Subtropical areas of Central and South America, Africa, and S.E. Asia. P F Malaria results in the most severe infections and is responsible for nearly 90% of malaria-related deaths in sub Saharan Africa.
[5] Plasmodium ovale is abbreviated as P.o is the rarest of the four species, and is mostly confined to tropical West Africa including countries such as Ghana, Liberia, and Nigeria.
[6] Plasmodium vivax is abbreviated as P.v has the widest geographic distribution throughout the world and causes much debilitating disease but malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is rarely fatal.
[7] Plasmodium Malariae is abbreviated as P.m. has restricted distribution and is said to be responsible for less than 1% of infections in India. It is found in tropical and subtropical areas of Central and South America, Africa, and S.E. Asia
[8] According to Dr. Deb Brisbane from info@travelmedicine.com.au (august 2008) said that vivax malaria does not kill you but can make you feel lousy for days to weeks.
[9] Muscle is the tissue of the body which primarily functions as a source of power. There are three types of muscle in the body. Muscle which is responsible for moving extremities and external areas of the body is called "skeletal muscle." Heart muscle is called "cardiac muscle." Muscle that is in the walls of arteries and bowel is called "smooth muscle."
[10] Diarrhea is a familiar phenomenon with unusually frequent or unusually liquid bowel movements, excessive watery evacuations of fecal material. The opposite of constipation . The word "diarrhea" with its odd spelling is a near steal from the Greek "diarrhoia" meaning "a flowing through."
[11] Chills is feeling very cold.
[12] Arthralgia is pain in joints.
[13] Headache is a pain in the head with the pain being above the eyes or the ears, behind the head (occipital), or in the back of the upper neck. Headache, like chest pain or back ache, has many causes.
[14] Jaundice is yellow skin and eyes.
[15] Enlargement means it gets bigger.
[16] Delirium is when people are very confused because of a disease. They may look drunk. They may not be able to talk.
[17] Coma is a state of deep unarousable unconsciousness.
[18] CDC stand for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
[19] Permethrin is a spray that repels mosquitoes.
[20] Chemoprophylaxis is taking preventive medicines if you are travelling to or living in a malaria region.
[21] According to Longman dictionary, chemotherapy is the use of drugs to control and try to cure cancer.
[22] Photosensitivity is sensitivity to sunlight.
[23] Antimalarial is a drug directed against malaria. The original antimalarial agent was quinine which took its name from the Peruvian Indian word "kina" meaning "bark of the tree." A large and complex molecule, quinine is the most important alkaloid found in cinchona bark. Until World War I, it was the only effective treatment for malaria. In fact, quinine was the first chemical compound to be successfully used to treat an infectious disease.